Medical Hypnosis and hypnotherapy in Castro Valley in East Bay Castro Valley California near San Francisco Bay Area near San Leandro, Oakland, Hayward, Pleasanton, Union City, and Fremont. Medical hypnosis for pain control, pain management, hypnotic stress reduction, weight loss, self-hypnosis, smoking cessation. Close to Castro Vally Bart and to all Castro Valley centers. Do not let pain dominate your life, take control of your life, manage your discomfort, relax yourself, release the stress. Clinical hypnosis in Castro Valley, Fremont, Union City, Hayward, San Leandro, San Lorenzo in the East Bay Area near San Francisco, California.
20990 Redwood Road Castro Valley, California, USA
Directions
From SAN FRANCISCO or OAKLAND via 580 • Turn LEFT onto STROBRIDGE AVE. 0.18 miles • Turn RIGHT onto CASTRO VALLEY BLVD. 0.39 miles • At the intersection with ANITA AVE., turn RIGHT into the parking lot at 2881 CASTRO VALLEY BLVD
From SAN JOSE, PENINSULA, or OAKLAND via 880 • Merge onto I-238 S toward I-580/CASTRO VALLEY/STOCKTON. 2.08 miles • Take the CA-238/Redwood Road exit. 0.11 miles • Take the Redwood Road ramp. 0.32 miles • Turn LEFT onto Redwood Road. 0.86 miles • , turn RIGHT into the parking lot at Castro Valley Plaza at 20990 Redwood Road
From CASTRO VALLEY BART • Turn LEFT onto Redwood Road •., cross the street into the parking lot at 220990 Redwood Road
From PLEASANTON or DUBLIN • Take I-580 W toward OAKLAND. Take Redwood Road exit • Turn Right onto Redwood Road. 0.39 miles • turn RIGHT into the parking lot at Castro Valley Plaza at 20990 Redwood Road

August 19, 2006

Using a Volume Control in Hypnosis Imagery

Here is an article regarding a type of activity in the brain neuron that involves volume control instead of an on/off control from ScienceDaily.com. Consider using this type of imagery in your clients for certain issues as needed. Read the whole article it is very informative.

Study Finds Brain Cell Regulator Is Volume Control, Not On/off Switch

University of California, Davis researchers have discovered that proteins that regulate brain-cell activity by controlling the flow of potassium ions behave more like volume controls on stereos rather than on/off power switches. The research, which appears in the 19 August issue of Science, provides a new model for the behavior of critical gatekeeper proteins found in neuronal membranes.

"We've shown that brains cells regulate activity in an incremental way, with thousands of different possible levels of activity," explained James Trimmer, senior author of the paper and professor of medical pharmacology and toxicology at UC Davis School of Medicine. He and his colleagues studied an ion channel that controls neuronal activity called Kv2.1, a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that is found in every neuron of the nervous system.

"Our work showed that this channel can exist in millions of different functional states, giving the cell the ability to dial its activity up or down depending on the what's going on in the external environment," said Trimmer. This regulatory phenomenon is called 'homeostatic plasticity' and it refers, in this case, to the channel protein's ability to change its function in order to maintain optimal electrical activity in the neuron in the face of large changes within the brain or the animal's environment. "It's an elegant feedback system," he added.

For years, scientists have attempted to study how neurons regulate the function of potassium ion channels -- pore-like openings in cell membranes that control the flow of potassium ions into the cell -- with limited success. The current study is the first to combine mass spectrometry-based proteomics and ion channel biophysics to the study of living brain cells. "This is an important biological question that couldn't have been answered any other way," Trimmer said.

Most cells in the body can get by with on/off-like switches, allowing them grow and proliferate when needed. In fact, examples of these 'switches' include the well-studied products of oncogenes, proteins that get stuck in the 'on' position and cause cancer. Brain cells, however, must multi-task, receiving and processing signals from various sources, both inside and outside the body. "This ability to deal with a variety of signals involves some fairly sophisticated and subtle regulation of neuronal activity," Trimmer said.

Scientists have long known that potassium channels are crucial to the normal workings of brain cells. Neurons respond to stimuli, such as noise from the environment or chemical messengers from different parts of the body, by conducting weak electric currents across their membranes. This is possible because of an unequal distribution of charged ions, or atoms, on either side of the nerve cell membrane. Voltage-gated potassium channels regulate the passing of potassium ions across these membranes in response to changes in electric signal.

Brain cell activity is diminished when potassium channels are open. Closed channels lead to an increase in neuron excitability. Certain kinds of snake venom exploit this mechanism by blocking potassium channels and causing seizures. Likewise, defects in potassium channels have been associated with epilepsy and reduced brain development, as well as neurodegenerative disorders similar to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

The type of potassium ion channel examined in the current study, Kv2.1, has been shown in studies by assistant research scientist Hiroaki Misonou to be highly regulated in response to epileptic seizures, stroke, and anesthesia.

Trimmer and his colleagues are the first to use a mass spectrometry technique called SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) to study ion channels in brain cells. The problem for researchers has been that while mass spectrometry gives incredibly accurate measures of mass, quantifying amounts of a protein in different samples can be difficult. SILAC allows scientists to add additional atomic weight to one sample so that two different samples can be analyzed in a given run, allowing for precise measurements of quantity. The 'mass tag' separates the two samples--the experimental and control--on the mass spectrometry read out.

Using this technique, postdoctoral fellow Kang-Sik Park revealed 16 sites where the protein is modified by the cell by via addition of a phosphate group. Further study--in which each of the sites is removed to reveal its role in modulation-- followed by careful biophysical analyses of channel function by postdoctoral fellow Durga Mohapatra, revealed that seven of these sites were involved in the regulation of neuronal activity. Since each site can be regulated independently on the four channel subunits, the neuron can generate a huge (>1018) number of possible forms of the channel.

Using this mechanism, Kv2.1 channels are quickly modified, even mimicking the activity of other potassium ion channels. "The beauty of doing it with a single protein is that it is already there and can change in a matter of minutes. It would take hours for the cell to produce an entirely different potassium channel," Trimmer explained.

Based on these results, Trimmer and his colleagues hypothesize that parts of the Kv2.1 channel protein interact in ways that make it either easier or harder for it to change from closed to open. The protein, they believe, can exist in either loose states that require low amounts of energy, or voltage, to change from one state to another or a locked-down state that requires lots of energy (high voltage) to open or close. The number and position of phosphate molecules are what determine the amount of voltage required to open the channel.

The next step will be to determine how brain neurons regulate the addition and removal of phosphates at individual sites on the Kv2.1 protein during normal animal behavior. This involves proteomic analysis of Kv2.1 from different brain regions after stimulation with light, sound and with different learning paradigms. Trimmer and colleagues will also explore the pharmacological modulation of Kv2.1 phosphorylation in therapeutic intervention for neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This research was supported by the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health and was performed in its entirety at the UC Davis School of Medicine utilizing the mass spectrometry instrumentation of the UC Davis Proteomics Facility.
Mar 26, 2005 Mar 29, 2005 Apr 2, 2005 Apr 3, 2005 Apr 4, 2005 Apr 5, 2005 Apr 6, 2005 Apr 8, 2005 Apr 9, 2005 Apr 10, 2005 Apr 11, 2005 Apr 13, 2005 Apr 14, 2005 Apr 16, 2005 Apr 18, 2005 Apr 19, 2005 Apr 25, 2005 Apr 26, 2005 May 1, 2005 May 4, 2005 May 5, 2005 May 6, 2005 May 8, 2005 May 11, 2005 May 13, 2005 May 16, 2005 May 17, 2005 May 20, 2005 May 22, 2005 May 25, 2005 May 29, 2005 Jun 11, 2005 Jun 24, 2005 Jun 28, 2005 Jun 29, 2005 Jun 30, 2005 Jul 14, 2005 Jul 21, 2005 Jul 27, 2005 Jul 29, 2005 Jul 31, 2005 Aug 3, 2005 Aug 7, 2005 Aug 20, 2005 Aug 22, 2005 Sep 6, 2005 Sep 8, 2005 Sep 9, 2005 Sep 13, 2005 Sep 16, 2005 Sep 17, 2005 Sep 18, 2005 Oct 11, 2005 Oct 23, 2005 Oct 24, 2005 Oct 26, 2005 Oct 31, 2005 Nov 22, 2005 Nov 25, 2005 Dec 5, 2005 Dec 17, 2005 Dec 22, 2005 Jan 17, 2006 Jan 27, 2006 Mar 13, 2006 Mar 15, 2006 Mar 22, 2006 Mar 24, 2006 Mar 25, 2006 Mar 27, 2006 Mar 29, 2006 Mar 30, 2006 Mar 31, 2006 Apr 10, 2006 Apr 14, 2006 Apr 22, 2006 Apr 23, 2006 Apr 24, 2006 Apr 25, 2006 Apr 28, 2006 Apr 29, 2006 May 9, 2006 May 14, 2006 May 16, 2006 May 24, 2006 Jun 20, 2006 Jun 26, 2006 Jun 28, 2006 Jun 29, 2006 Jul 14, 2006 Jul 18, 2006 Jul 21, 2006 Jul 23, 2006 Jul 24, 2006 Jul 26, 2006 Jul 27, 2006 Jul 28, 2006 Jul 30, 2006 Aug 15, 2006 Aug 18, 2006 Aug 19, 2006 Aug 22, 2006 Aug 28, 2006 Aug 30, 2006 Aug 31, 2006 Sep 1, 2006 Sep 12, 2006 Sep 14, 2006 Sep 15, 2006 Sep 16, 2006 Sep 17, 2006 Sep 18, 2006 Sep 19, 2006 Sep 20, 2006 Sep 24, 2006 Sep 27, 2006 Sep 28, 2006 Sep 29, 2006 Oct 3, 2006 Oct 6, 2006 Oct 13, 2006 Oct 18, 2006 Oct 19, 2006 Oct 29, 2006 Oct 31, 2006 Nov 1, 2006 Nov 3, 2006 Nov 6, 2006 Nov 7, 2006 Nov 8, 2006 Nov 10, 2006 Nov 11, 2006 Nov 13, 2006 Nov 14, 2006 Nov 17, 2006 Nov 26, 2006 Nov 28, 2006 Nov 30, 2006 Dec 1, 2006 Dec 2, 2006 Dec 8, 2006 Dec 10, 2006 Dec 11, 2006 Dec 12, 2006 Dec 13, 2006 Dec 17, 2006 Dec 18, 2006 Dec 19, 2006 Dec 23, 2006 Dec 25, 2006 Dec 27, 2006 Dec 30, 2006 Jan 7, 2007 Jan 13, 2007 Jan 18, 2007 Jan 22, 2007 Jan 26, 2007 Feb 1, 2007 Feb 16, 2007 Feb 17, 2007 Feb 18, 2007 May 14, 2007 May 18, 2007 May 24, 2007 May 26, 2007 Jun 2, 2007 Jun 5, 2007 Aug 8, 2007 Aug 28, 2007 Nov 11, 2007 Nov 12, 2007 Nov 15, 2007 Feb 14, 2008 Feb 20, 2008 Feb 28, 2008 Mar 2, 2008 Mar 3, 2008 Apr 2, 2008 Apr 3, 2008 Apr 13, 2008 May 28, 2008 Jun 4, 2008 Jun 11, 2008 Jun 29, 2008 Jul 27, 2008 Aug 15, 2008 Aug 17, 2008 Sep 8, 2008 Sep 13, 2008 Sep 16, 2008 Sep 30, 2008 Oct 3, 2008 Oct 8, 2008 Oct 15, 2008 Oct 22, 2008 Oct 25, 2008 Oct 31, 2008 Nov 1, 2008 Nov 14, 2008 Nov 21, 2008 Dec 1, 2008 Dec 9, 2008 Dec 12, 2008 Dec 24, 2008 Dec 27, 2008 Dec 29, 2008 Jan 19, 2009 Jan 26, 2009 Feb 2, 2009 Feb 11, 2009 Feb 18, 2009 Feb 20, 2009 Feb 25, 2009 Mar 3, 2009 Mar 8, 2009 Mar 13, 2009 Mar 31, 2009 Apr 6, 2009 Apr 11, 2009 Apr 16, 2009 Apr 20, 2009 Apr 21, 2009 Apr 26, 2009 May 2, 2009 May 8, 2009 May 9, 2009 May 12, 2009 May 13, 2009 May 18, 2009 Jun 7, 2009 Jun 24, 2009 Jun 30, 2009 Jul 1, 2009 Jul 8, 2009 Jul 14, 2009 Jul 22, 2009 Jul 24, 2009 Jul 25, 2009 Jul 26, 2009 Aug 16, 2009 Sep 1, 2009 Sep 7, 2009 Sep 8, 2009 Sep 15, 2009 Sep 25, 2009 Sep 30, 2009 Oct 6, 2009 Oct 10, 2009 Oct 13, 2009 Oct 14, 2009 Oct 21, 2009 Oct 25, 2009 Nov 4, 2009 Nov 10, 2009 Nov 14, 2009 Nov 17, 2009 Nov 22, 2009 Nov 28, 2009 Dec 4, 2009 Dec 14, 2009 Dec 15, 2009 Dec 23, 2009 Dec 24, 2009 Jan 4, 2010 Jan 10, 2010 Jan 17, 2010 Jan 24, 2010 Feb 13, 2010 Feb 20, 2010 Feb 25, 2010 Feb 28, 2010 Mar 9, 2010 Mar 18, 2010 Mar 27, 2010 Mar 31, 2010 Apr 1, 2010 Apr 13, 2010 Apr 29, 2010 May 4, 2010 May 19, 2010 May 20, 2010 May 25, 2010 Jun 1, 2010 Jun 2, 2010 Jun 9, 2010 Jun 26, 2010 Jul 1, 2010 Aug 16, 2010 Aug 18, 2010 Aug 21, 2010 Sep 8, 2010 Sep 11, 2010 Sep 19, 2010 Sep 26, 2010 Oct 5, 2010 Oct 26, 2010 Nov 9, 2010 Nov 16, 2010 Nov 17, 2010 Nov 19, 2010 Nov 26, 2010 Dec 15, 2010 Dec 20, 2010 Jan 15, 2011 Jan 16, 2011 Jan 19, 2011 Jan 25, 2011 Jan 31, 2011 Feb 5, 2011 Feb 8, 2011 Feb 9, 2011 Feb 10, 2011 Feb 14, 2011 Feb 15, 2011 Feb 16, 2011 Feb 18, 2011 Feb 28, 2011 Mar 1, 2011 Mar 4, 2011 Mar 6, 2011 Apr 9, 2011 Apr 12, 2011 Apr 13, 2011 Apr 15, 2011 Apr 16, 2011 Apr 17, 2011 Apr 28, 2011 Jun 2, 2011 Jun 3, 2011 Jun 4, 2011 Jun 7, 2011 Jun 10, 2011 Jun 12, 2011 Jun 13, 2011 Jun 14, 2011 Jun 16, 2011 Jun 18, 2011 Jun 20, 2011 Jun 23, 2011 Jul 7, 2011 Jul 15, 2011 Jul 19, 2011 Jul 21, 2011 Jul 22, 2011 Jul 24, 2011 Jul 25, 2011 Jul 28, 2011 Jul 30, 2011 Jul 31, 2011 Aug 1, 2011 Aug 2, 2011 Aug 19, 2011 Sep 8, 2011 Sep 13, 2011 Sep 16, 2011 Sep 25, 2011 Oct 5, 2011 Oct 11, 2011 Oct 28, 2011 Dec 4, 2011 Dec 5, 2011 Dec 9, 2011 Dec 17, 2011 Dec 20, 2011 Dec 27, 2011 Jan 4, 2012 Jan 10, 2012 Jan 24, 2012 Jan 26, 2012 Jan 28, 2012 Mar 9, 2012 Mar 11, 2012 Apr 25, 2012 May 5, 2012 May 18, 2012 May 19, 2012 Jun 5, 2012 Jun 7, 2012 Jul 13, 2012 Jul 19, 2012 Aug 22, 2012 Aug 28, 2012 Aug 30, 2012 Sep 9, 2012 Sep 20, 2012 Sep 21, 2012 Sep 24, 2012 Oct 1, 2012 Oct 2, 2012 Oct 4, 2012 Oct 5, 2012 Oct 16, 2012 Feb 5, 2013 Apr 11, 2013 Apr 24, 2013 May 1, 2013 May 8, 2013 May 18, 2013 May 23, 2013 Jun 2, 2013 Jun 7, 2013 Jun 13, 2013 Jul 2, 2013 Jul 3, 2013 Jul 4, 2013 Jul 20, 2013 Jul 28, 2013 Jul 30, 2013 Aug 17, 2013 Aug 25, 2013 Sep 5, 2013 Sep 10, 2013 Nov 3, 2013 May 13, 2014 May 14, 2014